Slow Memory and the Disruptive Force of Earthquakes

Slow Memory and the Disruptive Force of Earthquakes

Slow Memory and the Disruptive Force of Earthquakes

Working paper, WG4 Transformation of Conflict

Tamara Banjeglav (Institute of Culture and Memory Studies, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU), Ljubljana, Slovenia) & Sara Helin-Long (University College Cork).

Introduction

In this working paper, we contend with the potential of earthquakes, as natural disasters, to address and reveal forms of political slow violence in two contexts, Chile and Croatia. In these case studies, we demonstrate how earthquakes as physical disruptions and metaphorical breaks, not only have the potential to call attention to moments of political, human violence, but also to prolonged crises that go beyond temporary interruptions of everyday life. The forms of violence in Chile and Croatia take two forms – political state violence and structural violence – however, we notice similarities in the effective and eruptive force of earthquakes to reveal that which had been dormant, thereby causing irruptions of memories and realities. The violences that we pay attention to are in line with Rob Nixon’s understanding of slow violence as “violence of delayed destruction that is dispersed across time and space, an attritional violence that is typically not viewed as violence at all” (Nixon 2013, 2). Drawing closely upon Johan Galtung’s (1969) concept of structural violence, Rob Nixon (2013) introduced the concept of “slow violence” which focuses on the temporalities of structural violence. Chloe Ahmann (2018) believes that what Nixon calls “slow violence” are actually disorders that are too slow to achieve recognition as crises. Burte and Kamath (2023, 453) argue that “these actions are so dispersed into the background conditions of everyday life that it is hard to call them events at all. This is a quieter and slower form of abjection, organised abandonment and impoverishment with no spectacular manifestation”. Scott Gabriel Knowles developed a similar concept of “slow disaster” defined as “a way to think about disasters not as discrete events but as long-term processes linked across time” (Knowles 2020, 197). As Knowles (2022, 301) argues, “slow disaster thinking invites researchers to remain open to the possibility of intermittent visitations of violence, distributed in time and place but still connected to a common ancestor”. Authors also use the concept to describe war and episodes of state violence, “in which unresolved aftermaths coalesce later into episodes of continued violence and the incomplete restoration of justice” (Jeon, Knowles, and Park 2022, 88).

In our understanding, the natural environment, in which slow violence takes place, can be seen as holding memory (a process), rather than an inscription of memory, in constant flux, and as part of people’s everyday practices and experiences (Schramm 2011). In both case studies, earthquakes disrupt everyday practices, making them informative to discussions on slow violence and expressions of slow memory.

Here we view earthquakes as moments of disruption because they are both eruptive natural forces and, we argue, catalysts for the irruptive nature of memories. Earthquakes as visual metaphors (Chile) and physical acts (Croatia) bare witness to the forms of slow violence “dispersed across time and space” and the memories that burst in (irruption) and the uncovering of violences which burst out (eruption). These moments of eruption, as Mountz (2017, 77) points out, are expressions of “trauma time” and “function as wrinkles in time, spatial and temporal foldings and unfoldings” that bring trauma to the surface. Furthermore, we build on Wilde’s (1999, 475) seminal work Irruptions of Memory, where the author argues for this very concept as “public events that break in upon Chile’s national consciousness, unbidden, and often suddenly, to evoke associations with symbols, figures, causes, ways of life…”. Wilde conceptualized “irruptions” in response to the arrest of Chile’s former dictator Augusto Pinochet in 1998 but, we find, can be a bridge between culturally eruptive events and physically impactful ones. This is to say that in both case studies, earthquakes act as the public event that brings past traumas and forms of slower violence to the surface.

To preface the individual working papers, we ask how might the “slow” concepts developed by Wüstenberg (2023) and Nixon (2013) intersect with our natural event of study, earthquakes? To answer this, we specifically look to the Chilean discourse and descriptions of the 1973 coup d’etat. We find particular importance in the similarities between the seismic phenomena known as “slow earthquakes” or “slow-slip events”— documented in Chile in 1960 and 2014 (Kanamori and Stewart 1979; Ruiz et al. 2014)—and “tremors” in the form of slow and surmounting socio-political decisions that either led to the coup in Chile or revealed impoverished living conditions in Croatia. For earthquakes, Obara and Kato (2016) define the “slow” events as subdued movement between tectonic plates over longer periods of time rather than the more instant nature of their counterparts. The events can significantly shift the tectonic plates, sometimes more than the “fast” earthquakes, but often go unnoticed. The authors go on to suggest that while the “slow” events might not predict the occurrence of a major event, they can act as “stress meters” (Obara and Kato 2016, 254). There are no definitive findings on the workings of “slow” earthquakes or their relation to the “fast” ones, but Obara and Kato (2016) hypothesize that slow quakes may, in fact, produce tremors that put pressure on a specific area, priming them to eventually snap. But these forces can be very subtle. For example, the occurrence of strikes, protests, and growing narratives of dissatisfaction can be found leading up to the coup in Chile while in the Croatian case, the “tremors” appeared more in the form of aftershocks happening after the natural event. A similar phenomenon of “fast” and “slow” is explored by Jenny Wüstenberg (2023, 60), in Toward Slow Memory Studies, but in her work, it is applied to “slow moving” global events such as global warming, gentrification, or growing disinformation. As Wüstenberg (2023, 60 -61) states, “some of these transformations gradually (or sometimes with sudden bursts) produce outcomes that are just as disruptive and traumatic as wars or authoritarianism”. There are striking similarities between the natural and cultural possibilities of “slow” events, which can become visible in a “burst”, such as the coup, or stay in the gradual changes.

The Croatian Case

This section examines how a natural disaster (earthquake), that hit central Croatia in December 2020, disrupted the collective memory and post-war reality in this part of Croatia. Central Croatia was hit by an earthquake of 6.2 on the Richter scale on December 29, 2020. This was one of the most devastating natural disasters in Croatia’s recent history. The area affected by the earthquake also suffered great human losses and material damages during Croatia’s 1991 – 1995 war or War for Independence. It has never really completely recovered from its consequences, while traces and scars of the war remained present in the lives of the local population. Slow violence (Nixon 2013) of poverty, depopulation, marginalisation and neglect, that people from this region had been suffering for decades after the war, was finally revealed to the wider public due to the earthquake.

In the days after the earthquake, the post-war reconstruction of this area became topical in the national and local media. People from this region complained to the reporters that their houses, rebuilt after the war, either completely collapsed or were severely damaged by the earthquake. Family houses were reconstructed in the post-war period, but the post-war reconstruction was inadequate and poorly done, which is something that the earthquake was said to finally expose. This situation is in line with an understanding of “slow disaster” as “the unfolding of a damaging process over time that reveals social and technological vulnerability” (Jeon, Knowles, and Park 2022, 88).

Local narratives also showed that people, in some of these areas, lived on the margins of civilisation, without access to roads, public water supply line and/or electricity. The earthquake, thus, became a metaphor for disruption that revealed the truth about problems that had been accumulating in this part of Croatia for decades. However, the media and political discourse presented the slow violence (Nixon 2013) and “institutionalised neglect” (Kanafani 2016) of this marginalised area as something that was unknown, hidden from view. For Nixon (2013), slow violence happens gradually, over time and ‘out of sight’. Thom Davies (2022), however, asks the question: out of sight to whom? Davies (2022, 419) argues that slow violence is not always an entirely invisible form of harm, because “people who live with the symptoms of slow violence are often able to gradually observe the incremental changes to their local surroundings”. Davies also disagrees with Nixon about slow violence remaining invisible because of a lack of arresting stories and narratives about these instances of violence. The problem, Davies argues, is not a lack of narratives, but the fact that these narratives do not count. The reason behind this is what he calls “a politics of indifference about the suffering of marginalized groups” (Davies 2022, 421). Pain and Cahill (2022, 365) similarly argue that “even when stories of slow violence are told, they do not necessarily count; it depends upon who is doing the telling, who is witnessing”.

In Croatia, problems exposed by the earthquake had been known to the people from the region for a long time, but became part of the public discourses and narratives on this region only after a natural disaster disrupted the existing narrative and exposed a different kind of reality. Even Croatia’s president argued that the situation “might have never become known if it hadn’t been for the earthquake” (HRT 2021). This kind of representation, however, opens the question of positionality, of who is seeing and who is unseen (Pain and Cahill 2022, 363). What is overlooked is the possibility of putting the perspective of the people who have been living in these dire conditions at the centre of the narrative. Thus, the narratives about slow violence of deprivation, poverty and neglect of this region, which had existed for decades, did not count because of, as Davies would argue, the indifference to the suffering people living on the margins of society. It was only in the aftermath of a more spectacular event (natural disaster) that these memories and narratives of slow violence erupted and assumed a central space in the public discourses. These local memories and narratives point to different temporalities of memory. Memories, which had privately existed for decades, became publicly known only after a sudden disruption, caused by the earthquake, “daylighted” (Wüstenberg 2023, 64) them and allowed them to resurface.

What the earthquake, however, also revealed is that people from this region constantly live in unstable and unpredictable environments and literal shaking of the ground only reflected what they had been experiencing on an everyday level. For people who live in prolonged crises, everyday life is not smooth because their social worlds are constantly in flux, “in motion rather than being solid and stable” (Vigh 2008, 19). The earthquake, thus, can be seen as a rupture, as a temporary crisis, an interruption of normal life. However, it also shifted our attention to the fact that, for some people, crisis is not a singular event, but a prolonged, chronic experience, “the result of slow processes of deterioration, erosion and negative change — of multiple traumas and friction” (Vigh 2008, 9). Seen in this way, crisis as “rupture” becomes a constant and a condition, rather than a spectacular, one-off event, and studying memory of this kind of crisis necessarily requires the slow approach.

The Chilean case

In this section, we engage with the Chilean case which sees paralleled expressions of disruption and irruptive memories in the wake of both (natural) disasters, such as a visual earthquake, and displays of state violence. On September 11, 1973, the Chilean military staged a coup d’etat, bombing the presidential palace of La Moneda, which resulted in the overthrowing of democratically elected president, Salvador Allende, and the dictatorship of August Pinochet (1973-1990). Pinochet’s dictatorship oversaw the systematic repression of political opponents, including detention, torture, disappearance, and exile (Stern 2004); (Read and Wyndham 2016). In the 2020 documentary film La cordillera de los sueños (The Cordillera of Dreams), Chilean filmmaker Patricio Guzmán uses the eruptive, geological force of an earthquake to relate the physically dispersive nature of not only the moment of the coup but the subsequent memories of the event. In this section, we examine how a visual on-screen disruption caused by an explosion (earthquake) in La cordillera de los sueños speaks to the slower forms of state violence that preceded and followed the coup d’etat.

Figure 1: An explosion, source unknown. Screenshot taken from La cordillera de los sueños (29:27).

Throughout the documentary, Guzmán interviews other filmmakers, sculptors, and painters who survived the day of the coup and the dictatorship. When reflecting on September 11th, they remember the noise, disruption to their daily life, and presence of the Andes mountain range which is a prominent feature of the capital of Santiago’s skyline and runs through the country. Throughout this sequence of interviews, one frame depicts the strong auditory and visual experience of the day of the coup, including the bombing of La Moneda and the beginning of military control throughout the country. The frame becomes almost completely covered by a plume of smoke whose origins are unknown. In Figure 1, we see the dusk, smoke, and disruption to the air and screen. Guzmán presents this as an ‘earthquake’ that visually and physically impacted its surroundings— by its particle residues taking over the screen and obscuring what is behind or underneath. Here, it is not only the earthquake or moment of the coup that is disruptive but also the blue skies on screen that are disrupted. Throughout this sequence of describing the coup’s effect on Chile, the viewers are also shown ripples— fore/aftershocks that would occur during a physical earthquake—that in the documentary are represented by a puddle of water reflecting the tree above it on a street in Santiago (Figure 2). The ripples, we find, are representative of the forms of slow violence that preceded the coup, such as foreign intervention including U.S. economic support of transportation strikes and putting pressure on the economy creating political and social instability (Stern 2004), and thereafter physical disruption to the nation’s consciousness and physical locations (detention, disappearance, exile, etc.). In the use of earthquakes as metaphors, it is pertinent to mention that earthquakes can also experience foreshadowing events, known as foreshocks, even when their cause is still not entirely known (Cattania and Segall 2021).

Figure 2: A reflecting pool in the middle of the street in Santiago. The path is visible on the left side, the tree central to the image. Screenshot taken from La cordillera de los sueños (26:37).

In this sequence, we highlight the on-screen smoke plume that takes up almost the entirety of the frame (Figure 1), therefore closing the viewer from the cause, whether natural or unnatural; it is a direct disruption to the environment, causing smoke, residue, and broken materials. Horn’s (2018) work on Air as Medium is particularly insightful here to support the visual representation of the coup as a dispersed disruption. Horn (2018, 17) writes about “being in the air” and that “[h]uman experiences of weather and climate—of being in the air—is bound to a space and time that is entirely different from the scientific construction of “global climate”. This is to say that geographical positioning affects air and is, therefore, crucial to how culture and architecture develop. Horn (2018, 17) describes the human physical and cultural experiences of air, stating,

We are always already engulfed by it, penetrated, transcended, and transformed by it, as we transform it in turn. Air involves us with every breath and every airplane we take, with our political choices and private lifestyles. Being in the world is being in the air.

The disruption to air, Horn argues, is how we are made aware of it as a material entity. Corruption, pollution, or interruption to its body makes apparent its “global weirding” (Horn 2018, 21), referring to the various manipulations that happen to air without us noticing. Horn’s argument, not directly related to artistic productions, lends insight to how the eruption lingers “in the air” or in its environment. Furthermore, referencing air quality, Horn  (2018, 7) states that it has “moved from a local predicament to a global disruption, affecting not just local biotopes, landscapes and settlements but the entire life system of the planet”. The disruptive, violent event does not just live in the local sphere, but its residues reach the global. Disruptions and interpretations of climate in artistic expressions have also been related to memory, landscape, and the body (Hulme 2016). This working paper is not explicitly about climate change but works such as Hulme’s on weathering—as an adjective of how humans experience the same climate or exposures over time— are valuable to my analysis of the visual disruption of the earthquake and its irruptive qualities. The smoke is a visual disruption to what could be behind/ underneath it. According to the interviews in La cordillera de los sueños, the bombing of La Moneda resulted in a similar blurring to the people of Chile.

Davies (2022) acknowledges that when conceptualizing “slow violence,” the violence cannot always be seen. This is the case in this sequence of interrupting the blue sky or Guzmán’s longer exile. Not seeing the daily effect of slow violence cannot always be applied to this context, as the physical displacements of detention, disappearance, and exile continue to permeate the social structure. This will continue to create tension in conceptualizing state violence in the frameworks of slow violence and slow memory. The focus on air and climate synthesizes the disruptive force of the earthquake or coup and this moment’s sensory, embodied memories. The selected sequence shows the disruption to the natural on-screen environment (obstruction of the blue sky), which shows how the initial disruptive event transformed and engulfed the social environment. In La cordillera de los sueños, the metaphor of an earthquake allows the viewer to visualize, sense, and witness how the visceral effects of the “fast” moment of the coup emphasize its “slow” proceedings and forms of memory that formed after.

Conclusion

In the case studies of Chile and Croatia, we examined the physical and visual potential of earthquakes to disrupt the everyday. In both cases, Davies (2022) guides questions of who is witnessing the moments of state and structural violence and how in(visible) they are to the people who feel its effects. For Croatia, the 2020 physical earthquake “daylighted” (Wüstenberg 2023, 64) the already-existing memories and lived experience of marginalization to the wider public. Similarly, the 2020 documentary film La cordillera de los sueños by Patricio Guzmán draws on a visual metaphor of an earthquake to bring attention to the lasting effects of the 1973 coup d’etat. An earthquake’s disruption to the screen— or, in the Croatian case, to the physical landscapes—turns public attention to how the residues of the coup, dictatorship, or memories of structural violence persist by “being in the air” (Horn 2018, 17). For our readings of the intersections between earthquakes and the chosen case studies in Chile and Croatia, earthquakes are not the central point of argument. However, their fast/slow physical and natural force and disruptive impact allow for a break in the narrative, revealing what is underneath. We argue that the full effects of past violence take time to manifest and that these effects resurface and “irrupt” at specific moments. We see both natural disasters and moments of state violence as an eruptive, natural event that disrupts people’s daily lives and the landscape environments that surround them. The slow nature of the disruptive earthquake allows the viewer/public time to sit with what is underneath.

Acknowledgement

This working paper was written within the framework of the COST Action CA20105 – “Slow Memory: Transformative Practices in Times of Uneven and Accelerating Change”. The authors would, however, also like to acknowledge other research funding. Tamara Banjeglav acknowledges funding from European Union’s programme for research and innovation Horizon Europe, action HORIZON-TMA-MSCA-PF-EF, grant agreement no. 101130805. The Irish Research Council funded the PhD research of Sara Helin-Long, which allowed the project to be completed.

Authors

Tamara Banjeglav is a research associate at the Institute of Culture and Memory Studies, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, where she holds the ERA post-doctoral fellowship. She has received her PhD degree from the University of Graz, Austria. Her research interests fall within the fields of memory politics and memorialisation practices, politics of the past, national identities, and dealing with the past, particularly in the post-Yugoslav space.

Sara Helin-Long’s current research areas include memory, film, and the environment within the context of Chile. Her PhD, funded by the Irish Research Council, investigates the intersection of Chilean natural landscape and post-dictatorship memory in three documentary films by Patricio Guzmán. The PhD was completed in the department of Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American Studies at University College Cork. Her Master’s is from the University of Amsterdam in Heritage and Memory Studies.

Works cited

Ahmann, Chloe. “‘It’s Exhausting to Create an Event out of Nothing’: Slow Violence and the Manipulation of Time.” Cultural Anthropology, vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2018, pp. 142–71, https://doi.org/10.14506/ca33.1.06.
Burte, Himanshu, and Lalitha Kamath. “The Structural Violence of Spatial Transformation: Urban Development and the More-than-Neoliberal State in the Global South.” City, vol. 27, no. 3–4, July 2023, pp. 448–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2219549.
Cattania, Camilla, and Paul Segall. “Precursory Slow Slip and Foreshocks on Rough Faults.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 126, no. 4, 2021, p. e2020JB020430, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020430.
Davies, Thom. “Slow Violence and Toxic Geographies: ‘Out of Sight’ to Whom?” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, vol. 40, no. 2, 2022, pp. 409–27, https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654419841063.
Galtung, Johan. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 6, no. 3, 1969, pp. 167–91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690.
Horn, Eva. “Air as Medium.” Grey Room, vol. 73, 2018, pp. 6–25, https://doi.org/10.1162/grey_a_00254.
HRT. “Milanović u Petrinji: Pleter Je Zaštićen Kao Lički Medvjed.” Hrt.Hr, 13 Jan. 2021, https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/milanovic-u-petrinji-pleter-je-zasticen-kao-licki-medvjed-2359.
Hulme, Mike. “Climate Change and Memory.” Memory in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Sebastian Groes, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016, pp. 159–62, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137520586_19.
Jeon, Chihyung, et al. “Disaster (Continued): Sewol Ferry Investigations, State Violence, and Political History in South Korea.” History and Technology, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 84–106, https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2094700.
Kanafani, Samar. Made to Fall Apart. An Ethnography of Old Houses and Urban Renewal in Beirut. 2016. University of Manchester, https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/56365392/FULL_TEXT.PDF.
Kanamori, Hiroo, and Gordon S. Stewart. “A Slow Earthquake.” Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 18, no. 3, 1979, pp. 167–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(79)90112-2.
Knowles, Scott Gabriel. “Slow Disaster and the Challenge of Nuclear Memory 1.” Living in a Nuclear World, by Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent et al., 1st ed., Routledge, 2022, pp. 299–318, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003227472-15.
Knowles, Scott Gabriel. “Slow Disaster in the Anthropocene: A Historian Witnesses Climate Change on the Korean Peninsula.” Daedalus, vol. 149, no. 4, 2020, pp. 192–206, https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01827.
Mountz, Alison. “Island Detention: Affective Eruption as Trauma’s Disruption.” Emotion, Space and Society, vol. 24, 2017, pp. 74–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2017.02.006.
Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. First Harvard University Press paperback edition, Harvard University Press, 2013.
Obara, Kazushige, and Aitaro Kato. “Connecting Slow Earthquakes to Huge Earthquakes.” Science, vol. 353, no. 6296, July 2016, pp. 253–57, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1512.
Pain, Rachel, and Caitlin Cahill. “Critical Political Geographies of Slow Violence and Resistance.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, vol. 40, no. 2, 2022, pp. 359–72, https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221085753.
Read, Peter, and Marivic Wyndham. Narrow But Endlessly Deep: The Struggle for Memorialisation in Chile since the Transition to Democracy. ANU Press, 2016, https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_612752.
Ruiz, S., et al. “Intense Foreshocks and a Slow Slip Event Preceded the 2014 Iquique Mw 8.1 Earthquake.” Science, vol. 345, no. 6201, Sept. 2014, pp. 1165–69, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256074.
Schramm. “Introduction: Landscapes of Violence: Memory and Sacred Space.” History and Memory, vol. 23, no. 1, 2011, p. 5, https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.23.1.5.
Stern, Steve J. Remembering Pinochet’s Chile: On the Eve of London 1998. Duke University Press, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822386292.
Vigh, Henrik. “Crisis and Chronicity: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuous Conflict and Decline.” Ethnos, vol. 73, no. 1, 2008, pp. 5–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840801927509.
Wilde, Alexander. “Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chile’s Transition to Democracy.” Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 31, no. 2, 1999, pp. 473–500, https://www.jstor.org/stable/157911.
Wustenberg, Jenny. “Towards Slow Memory Studies.” Critical Memory Studies. New Approaches., edited by Brett Ashley Kaplan, Bloomsbury Academic, 2023, https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/49060/.

Latest Updates

Slow Memory and the Disruptive Force of Earthquakes  Tamara Banjeglav Institute of Culture and Memory Studies, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU), Ljubljana, Slovenia Sara Helin-Long PhD, University of College Cork, Cork, Ireland for Working Group 4 In this working paper, we contend with the potential of earthquakes, as natural...

 5-7 June 2025, Nottingham, United Kingdom   Keynote: Ann Rigney (Utrecht University)Organisers: Jenny Wüstenberg, Natalie Braber, Chris Reynolds, Jenny Woodley (AIMS@NTU)  “Collective memory is constantly ‘in the works’ and, like a swimmer, has to keep moving even just to stay afloat.” This is how Ann Rigney (2008) conceptualized remembering – not as a fixed repository...

Slow Memory Bulletin 6/2024 Dear Slow Memory Community, We hope this email finds you well and in good spirits. As we are approaching our final grant year, we have some news to share with you. You can always keep up to date with us on Facebook and Instagram and newly on LinkedIn and Bluesky! *Slow...

organized by Vjollca Krasniqi & Layla Zibar DR. ANA MILOSEVIC & UNESCO REPRESENTATIVE – INTRODUCED BY PROF. JENNY WüSTENBERG The workshop will take place online on 11-12 December , 10-12 am (CET). Register via this link.  In this workshop, participants will acquire a comprehensive understanding of “slow memory” concepts and their relevance to policy-making, while...

Slow Memory COST Action (CA20105) Capstone Conference in Porto, 2-5 July 2025 Organized by Alice Semedo and Isabel Machado Alexandre From 2021 to 2025, the COST Action “Slow Memory: Transformative Practices for Times of Uneven and Accelerating Change” has brought together over 300 scholars and stakeholders, from over 40 countries, many disciplines and career stages....

We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Learn more